2007
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2007 A-F /
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M-R /
S-Z
Blair, Tony. "Lecture On
Public Life," Canary Wharf, London, June 12, 2007. [PDF]
In
one of Blair's last speeches before leaving office -- his media
as "a feral beast" speech -- the former British Prime Minister
looks at the changing nature of communication and its impact on
politics and the media. Blair argues the always fraught
relations between the media and political leaders have become
qualitatively and quantitatively more difficult, because the
media are "becoming more fragmented, more diverse and
transformed by technology." Coping with the media, "its
sheer scale, weight, and hyperactivity," has become a vast and
overwhelming part of leadership.
Carothers, T. et al. "A Conversation Continued:
Debating Democracy," National Interest online, July 1,
2007 [Also in The National Interest, Jul./Aug. 2007,
8-13]. [LINK]
The Carnegie Endowment's democracy expert contends that despite
a "gleaming edifice around democracy promotion," the notion that
it "plays a dominant role in Bush [foreign] policy is a myth."
The irony, Carothers suggests, is that the administration has
soured many in and outside the U.S. on the value of support for
democracy while having "only a limited engagement in democracy
promotion." Needed is a searching debate on how the U.S.
can get back on track with bipartisan support for a legitimate
democracy agenda. The online edition contains replies and
contrasting views from Andrew Bacevich (Boston University),
Wayne Merry (American Foreign Policy Council), Robert W. Merry (Congressional
Quarterly), and Amitai Etzioni (George Washington
University).
Corman, Steven R.,
Trethewey, Angela and Goodall, B. A 21st Century Model
for Communication in the Global War of Ideas: From
Simplistic Influence to Pragmatic Complexity, Report #0701,
Consortium for Strategic Communication. [PDF]
The authors argue that US strategic communication efforts rely
on an outdated "message influence model" that focuses
problematically on "simply delivering the right message."
They offer a new "pragmatic complexity model" based on four
principles: "(1) Deemphasize control and embrace
complexity, (2) replace repetition with variation, (3) consider
disruptive motives, and (4) expect and plan for failure."
Daalder, Ivo &
Lindsay, James. "Democracies of the World, Unite,"
The American Interest,
Winter (January/February), 2007, 5-19. [LINK]
Daalder (Brookings Institution) and Lindsay (University of
Texas, Austin) call for a "Concert of Democracies" -- "a single
institution dedicated to joint action" that would be "both
effective
and legitimate"
in responding to new challenges in global politics. Their
proposal assumes a "framework of binding mutual obligations"
implemented through a full-time secretariat, budget, ministerial
meetings and regular summits." It would not be "photo-op
bedecked gab fest." The authors frame their Concert of
Democracies as a means of multilateral action in global
governance that would overcome limitations of the United Nations
Security Council, UN functional agencies and NATO. The
article is available online. Comments by Gary Hart,
Francois Heisbourg, Richard Perle, Cristoph Bertram, and Anthony
Lake are available in the print edition and to subscribers
online.
d'Hooge, Ingrid. The Rise of China's Public Diplomacy,
Clingendael Diplomacy Paper 12, July 2007, 36 pp, Clingendael
Diplomatic Studies Programme (CDSP), The Hague. [LINK]
d'Hooge, a China specialist and senior research associate at
CDSP, concludes that China's leaders are using "more time,
money, and effort" to deal with its "problematic image" in many
parts of the world. "An increasing number of Chinese
individuals and civil society groups are participating in global
networks with public and private actors, bringing new dynamics
to China's interaction with the world. China's government, for
its part, seeks to incorporate these new dynamics into its
public diplomacy strategy." A summary is available online.
The paper can be ordered by email from Clingendael.
Dunn, Michele. Time To
Pursue Democracy in Egypt,
Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment Middle
East Program, January 2007. [PDF]The
editor of the Carnegie Endowment's Arab Reform Bulletin looks at
leadership succession issues in Egypt and implications for
democratic reform in four areas: presidential term limits,
greater freedom for political parties and movements, independent
election oversight, and limiting executive powers under a new
counter-terrorism law. She argues there are many
opportunities for the US to pursue "the long term goal of
democratization without endangering stability or key
relationships."
Forest, James. (ed.) Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in
the 21st Century, Vol. 1, Strategic and Tactical
Considerations, Vol. 2, Containing the Sources and
Facilitators, Vol. 3, Lessons from the Fight Against
Terrorism, Praeger Security International, 2007. [LINK]
Edited by the Director of Terrorism Studies at the U.S. Military
Academy, this ambitious 3-volume set contains 85 essays and case
studies.
Six chapters in Vol. 1 appear under the heading, "Soft Power."
Robert J. Pauly, Jr. (University of Southern Mississippi) and
Robert Redding (U.S. Army), "Denying Terrorists Sanctuary
Through Civil Military Operations," Chapter 14.
James S. Robbins (National Defense University), "Battlefronts in
the War of Ideas," Chapter 15.
Maha Azzam-Nusseibeh (Chatham House, London), "The Centrality of
Ideology in Counterterrorism Strategies in the Middle East,"
Chapter 16.
Bruce Gregory (George Washington University), "Public Diplomacy
as Strategic Communication," Chapter 17.
Timothy L. Thomas (Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort
Leavenworth ), "Cyber Mobilization: The Neglected Aspect of
Information Operations and Counterinsurgency Doctrine," Chapter
18.
Jerrold M. Post (George Washington University), "The Key Role of
Psychological Operations in Countering Terrorism," Chapter 19.
The Table of Contents, Editors Note, and Preface to each volume
are available online.
Gibler, Douglas M.
"Bordering on Peace: Democracy, Territorial Issues, and
Conflict," International Studies Quarterly,
September 2007, 51: 509-532. [PDF]
Gibler (University of Alabama) takes issue with
democratic peace theorists who begin with regime types and then
calculate their effects on conflict potential. He argues
that peace and democratic regimes are more likely to be symptoms
than causes "of the removal of territorial issues between
neighbors." Gibler tests his assumptions using a conflict
model that controls for the effects of border relationships.
His conclusion: "joint democracy does not exercise a
pacifying effect on dispute initiation." A prepublication
version of the paper is available online.
Kimmage, Daniel and Riodolfo, Kathleen. The War of
Images and Ideas: How Sunni Insurgents in Iraq and Their
Supporters Worldwide are Using the Media, Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty Special Report, June 2007. [PDF]
Key findings: (1) Sunni insurgents in Iraq and their
supporters worldwide are using the Internet to pursue a media
campaign directed at educated, influential segments of the Arab
world; (2) media content is a high quality mix of news,
religion, and entertainment aimed at the video game generation
and a wide variety of traditional and next generation Internet
consumers; (3) Iraq's insurgent media are used by mainstream
Arab media and global jihadist media; and (4) the Sunni
insurgents' media network is decentralized, fast-moving, and
technologically adaptive. The report contains numerous
graphics and can be downloaded in pdf format.
Lord, Kristin M. "U.S. Public Diplomacy: Can Science Help?"
Foreign Service Journal, July/August, 2007, 14-15. [PDF]
Lord, Associate Dean of George Washington University's
Elliott School of International Affairs, urges enhanced
cooperation between the State Department's science and
technology experts and America's scientific community in
programs to engage foreign scientists, engineers, and doctors on
global issues: health, water, pollution, conservation, and
clean energy. In so doing, the U.S. can leverage expertise
in State (and nine other U.S. agencies with extensive foreign
programs) in a public diplomacy of deeds on issues which are
global and linked by common interests.
Nathan J.
Brown and Amr Hamzawy, "Arab Spring Fever,"
The National Interest, September/October, 2007, 33-40. [LINK] Brown (George Washington University) and Hamzawy
(Carnegie Endowment) contend that hope remains for democracy in
the Middle East (but not "on any U.S. administration's
timetable") despite the political realities that have silenced
optimists or caused them to regret electoral outcomes. The
authors divide Arab regimes into three categories: "weak
or failing states, strict authoritarian states, and
semi-authoritarian states." Observers tend to focus on the
first two. Reform is most likely, however, in
semi-authoritarian states, such as Morocco, Algeria, Egypt,
Jordan, Yemen, and Bahrain, which "allow some space for popular
participation." Includes a critique of U.S.
democratization efforts and recommendations for new approaches.
The full text is online at Carnegie's website. Online also
for National Interest subscribers.
Naim, Moises. "The YouTube Effect," Foreign Policy,
January/February 2007, 103-104. [LINK]
FP's editor looks at the rapid dissemination of video clips on
video-sharing websites and how "a technology for teenagers
became a force for political and economic change."
Neumann, Iver B. "'A Speech That the Entire Ministry May Stand
for,' or Why Diplomats Never Produce Anything New,"
International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 183-200.
Drawing on speech writing practices in the Norwegian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Oslo University professor Neumann contends that
foreign ministry speeches are identity building projects "with
the resulting text serving as an instantiation of the Ministry
itself." Speech writing practices are for the most part a
closed process, wherein each part of the ministry seeks to
demonstrate the importance of its area of responsibility.
Attention to audience is limited. He concludes that change will
reach the interior of a foreign ministry from its margins,
"where the cost of non-adaptability is most keenly felt."
Change in diplomacy therefore will likely "be initiated by
politicians, not by diplomats themselves."
Oakley, Robert B. and Casey, Jr., Michael. The Country
Team: Restructuring America's First Line of Engagement,
Strategic Forum No. 227, Institute for National Strategic
Studies, National Defense University, forthcoming July 2007. [LINK]
The authors challenge the conventional wisdom that U.S. embassy
country teams generally operate well compared with organizations
and interagency processes in Washington. Unprecedented
transnational threats and weak governance in fragile states "do
not fall neatly into diplomacy's traditional categories:"
political, public diplomacy, economic, consular. Interagency
collaboration is often "a hit or miss proposition, due to
diluted authority, antiquated organizational structures, and
insufficient resources." Experts collaborating on the study:
John Agoglia, Gary Anderson, Michael S. Bell, Robert Feidler,
Robert Grenier, Donald Hays, Princeton Lyman, John McLaughlin,
Robert Pearson, Anthony Quainton, David Rhoad, Michael Welken,
Anne Witkowsky, and Casimir Yost.
Richman, Al. "Diplomacy Challenges in Denying Iran Nuclear
Weapons,” Public Opinion Pros, July/August, 2007. [LINK]
Former State Department and USIA public opinion research analyst
Richman assesses eight recent multi-country surveys on world
opinion toward a nuclear-armed Iran and prospects for the U.S.
to partner with other nations in handling this issue. The
first section includes international survey data on the
perceived threat posed by a nuclear-armed Iran and the mix of
pressures and incentives preferred by different publics to deal
with this threat. The second section identifies those
publics most likely to work with the United States and the
various tracks diplomacy could take to dissuade Iran from
developing nuclear weapons.
Robinson, Michael J. Two Decades of American News
Preferences, Part 1: Analyzing What News the Public
Follows and Doesn't Follow,
Pew Research Center for the People & The Press, August, 15,
2007. [PDF]
Professor Robinson (formerly GWU and Georgetown, now a
consultant to the Pew Research Center) finds that American news
interests and preferences have remained relatively constant
despite changes in the size and scope of American news media.
Using 21 years of Pew data (1986-2007), Robinson shows that news
tastes, measured in 19 categories, have "barely shifted."
There is scant evidence that "the American audience has moved
toward a diet of softer news." Disaster news and money
news remain most interesting. Tabloid news and foreign
news continue to be least interesting.
Ronfeldt, David and Arquilla, John. "The Promise of
Noopolitik (Postscript)," FirstMonday, June 2007, 1999. [LINK]
Ronfeldt (RAND) and Arquilla (Naval Postgraduate
School) have updated their widely read 1999 essay calling for a
"revolution in diplomatic affairs." Diplomats, they argued
then, need to rethink their approach to statecraft in a world
where classic, state-based diplomacy is giving way to the rise
of networks, "soft (principally ideational) power," and the
growth of three information-based realms: cyberspace, infosphere,
and noosphere. The authors have added a postscript for
inclusion in a forthcoming (2008) handbook on public diplomacy
edited by Nancy Snow (Cal State, Fullerton) and Philip Taylor
(Leeds). In their update, Ronfeldt and Arquilla find that
Joseph Nye's (Harvard) soft power concept "needs further
clarification and refinement" and that nonstate actors are using
the Internet and other new media more effectively than the U.S.
government and other state actors.
Smith, Pamela H. "The Hard Road
Back to Soft Power," Georgetown Journal of International
Affairs, Winter/Spring 2007, 1-9. [PDF]
Smith (former U.S. Ambassador to Moldova, now an adjunct
professor and research associate at Georgetown University) looks
critically at the current state of American public diplomacy.
From the perspective of a recently retired diplomat with many
public diplomacy assignments, she examines anti-Americanism and
reasons for the weakening of American soft power. Smith offers
a number of recommendations to strengthen U.S. public diplomacy
ranging from changes in "signature" policies, increased funding,
and institutional changes within the State Department, and
reforms in strategic planning.
Steele, Janet. "Malaysia's Untethered Net,"
Foreign Policy, July/August, 2007, 86-88. [LINK]
Professor Steele (George Washington University, Fulbright
scholar, and author of Wars Within: The Story of Tempo,
2005) looks at how two journalists with Malaysiakini, a
Kuala Lumpur-based news website, broke an important
anti-corruption story leading to public accountability and
mainstream news coverage in Malaysia's restrictive news
environment. Steele's case study looks at cyberjournalism
in Southeast Asia and "an unlikely loophole for online news
organizations and bloggers" in Malaysia driven by former Prime
Minister Mahatir's no censorship policy for the Internet -- a
policy grounded in his desire to attract foreign investment in
high-tech industries. Abstract only available to non-FP
subscribers.
Steven, David. Evaluation and the New Public Diplomacy,
Presentation to the Future of Public Diplomacy Conference,
Wilton Park, UK, March 2, 2007.
[PDF]
Steven, Managing Director of River Path Associates and a
consultant with the UK's Public Diplomacy Board, discusses "a
system for measuring public diplomacy performance" and a
research agenda presented to the UK's Foreign and Commonwealth
Office, British Council, and BBC World Service.
U.S. Army/Marine Corps. Counterinsurgency Field
Manual, (The University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Forewords by General David Petraeus, LTG James F. Amos, and LTC
John A. Nagl. Introduction to the Chicago Press edition by
Sarah Sewall, Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights
Policy, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. [PDF]
This widely discussed edition of the U.S. military's guide
to counterinsurgency warfare "emphasizes constant adaptation and
learning, the importance of decentralized decision-making, the
need to understand local politics and customs, and the key role
of intelligence in winning the support of the population."
Contains sections on the media, social network analysis, and
other analytical tools. Sewall's introduction (blurbed
elsewhere by the Carr Center's Samantha Power) provides a
critical, historical, and scholarly perspective.
U.S. General Accountability Office. U.S. Public
Diplomacy: Actions Needed to Improve Strategic Use and
Coordination of Research, July 18, 2007, GAO-07-904. [PDF]
GAO's recent addition to its substantial collection of public
diplomacy studies reviews research activities conducted by
State, USAID, DoD, Fort Bragg, MacDill AFB, BBG, Open Source
Center, and the British government. GAO's key finding:
"DoD and USAID use program-specific research to design,
implement, and evaluate the impact of thematic communication
efforts created to influence the attitudes and behaviors of
target audiences. In contrast, we found that State has
generally not adopted a research-focused approach to implement
its thematic communication efforts." Deficiencies in all
agencies include lack of systematic means to assess user needs
and satisfaction and lack of interagency protocols for sharing
information. The report was requested by Senator Richard
Luger.
U.S. National Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic
Communication,
Strategic Communication and Public Diplomacy Policy Coordinating
Committee (PCC), June 2007. [PDF]
Directed and released by Karen Hughes, Under Secretary of State
for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs and chair of the PCC
(created by the National Security Council in April, 2006), the
strategy provides a statement of "mission and priorities,"
"strategic objectives," "strategic audiences," and "public
diplomacy priorities" (including a "diplomacy of deeds");
descriptions of "the overall mechanism by which we coordinate
public diplomacy across the interagency community" and "initial
communication activities;" and a call for "significantly
increased funding for all public diplomacy and strategic
communication programs."
Additional statements on strategic communication at the
Subcommittee's July 11 hearing include:
Kramer, Franklin D. Distinguished Research Fellow, Center for
Technology and National Security Policy,"Terrorism,
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities." [PDF]
Zalman, Amy. (Policy Analyst, Science Applications International
Corporation), "Strategic Communications and the Battle of
Ideas." [PDF]
Wells, Linton. "Strategic Communications and the Battle of
Ideas: Winning the Hearts and Minds in the Global War Agains
Terrorists," Statement before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, House Armed Services
Committee, July 11, 2007. [PDF]
National Defense University professor Wells (until recently
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and
Information Integration) discusses: (1) "The importance of
strategic communication and the need to synchronize deeds and
words;" (2) "A summary of U.S. Government strategic
communication initiatives, limitations, challenges, and
successes;" (3) "The importance of non-governmental actions in
strategic communication;" and (4) "Some ways ahead."
2006
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Foreign
Policy in Focus.
"Anti-Americanism and the Rise of Civic Diplomacy," December 13,
2006. [LINK]
FPIF ("a think tank without walls") looks at various meanings of
anti-Americanism and US public diplomacy. Contains a lead
essay by Nancy Snow (University of California, Fullerton)
calling for approaches that "rely more on the ear than the
mouth, more on 'second track' rather than official diplomacy,
and more on civic engagement than the actions of government
representatives;" replies by R.S. Zaharna (American University),
"The U.S. Credibility Deficit," and John Robert Kelly (London
School of Economics), "The Limits of Public Diplomacy,"
and a reply by Snow.
Friedman, Jeffrey . (ed.) "Is Democratic Competence
Possible?" Critical Review,
Vol. 18, Nos.
1-3. [LINK]
This special 3-volume
issue of the journal reprints Philip E. Converse's seminal 1964
essay, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." It
includes articles by Friedman (available online as a pdf file),
Scott Althaus, James S. Fishkin, Doris Graber, and Stephen Earl
Bennett among others, and a reply by Converse. Converse's
empirical research in the 1960s confirmed views on public
opinion by Walter Lippmann (1922) on the inability of mass
publics to have direct acquaintance with a world that is "too
big, too complex, and too fleeting" and their consequent
dependence on highly selective cognitive frameworks and belief
systems. The articles reflect on Converse's idea of a
Hobson's choice between rule by politically uninformed masses
and rule by doctrinaire elites. Bennett's article is
useful for its historical overview on the debate Lippmann
initiated. This accessible collection of readings will be
useful to teachers of public diplomacy and others interested in
democratization, thoughtful assessments of Lippmann and
Converse, and general issues relating to public opinion,
political communication, and the ability of publics to make
informed judgments.
Heine,
Jorge.
On the Manner of Practising the New
Diplomacy, The
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Working
Paper No. 11, October 2006. [LINK]
Heine's
excellent and
well-written paper asserts that the traditional "club model" of
diplomacy, founded on principles of sovereignty and statecraft,
is less relevant in an international system where many new
non-state actors and a "network model" matter more.
Changes in diplomatic practice have not kept pace with this
rapidly changing global environment. Heine contends that
"diplomats are no longer sheltered from the political realm" and
they must respond to new demands generated by wider access to
influential non-state actors. A diplomat and scholar,
Heine is Chile's Ambassador to India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka,
and Vice President of the International Political Science
Association.
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. Toward
Muslim Democracies, The Seymour
Martin Lipset Lecture delivered at the National Endowment for
Democracy, November 1, 2006.
[LINK]
Ibrahim, acclaimed political activist, founder and chairman of
the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies, and professor of
political sociology at the American University in Cairo, asserts
the compatibility of Islam, liberal values, and democracy and
examines implications for scholars, political activists, and
democracy building practitioners. He differs from Fareed
Zakaria and others in his conclusion that "a culture of
liberalism does not seem on the evidence to be a necessary
prerequisite to democracy." Ibrahim offers several reasons
why the West should encourage moderate Islamic forces in Egypt,
Palestine, Kuwait, Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, Mauritania, and
elsewhere.
Keil, Janine.
Voices of Hope, Voices of Frustration:
Deciphering U.S. Admission and Visa Policies for International
Students, (Georgetown University,
Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 2006).
[PDF]
Written by a
graduate student in Georgetown's Master's of Science in Foreign
Service Program and reviewed by a panel of government and
private sector experts, this slim volume seeks to "add texture"
to the debate on the US visa system. Among the study's
conclusions: (1) concerns about visa policies and general
admission policies are often conflated leading to
misunderstandings about the US visa system, (2) changes in the
visa system after 9/11 were a contributing cause in declining
international student enrollment in the US, (3) the visa system
is improving, and (4) the visa system must be improved and its
policies better articulated.
Kiehl, William P. (ed.)
America's Dialogue with the World,
(Public
Diplomacy Council, 2006). [PDF]
The essays in this
volume are based on a symposium on the future of public
diplomacy held at George Washington University in October 2005.
Includes essays by John Hughes, Michael Mandelbaum, Anthony C.
E. Quainton, Ralph J. Begleiter, Alice Stone Ilchman, Sherry Lee
Mueller, John Brown, Dan Sreebny, Joe B. Johnson, Adam Clayton
Powell, III, and Jerrold Keilson, with an introduction and
conclusions by the editor. Appendices include remarks
given at the symposium by Under Secretary of State for Public
Diplomacy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes; "A Call for Action on
Public Diplomacy," an advocacy statement issued in the name of
the Public Diplomacy Council; and a dissent to the latter
statement written by five Council members.
Kireev, Alexander L. Electoral Geography Website. [LINK]
Launched in December 2006, this website includes electoral
results, maps, articles, and links related to electoral
geography, which the creator defines as a "constituent component
of political geography, a science which studies development of
all political processes inside geographical space." This
bilingual (Russian and English) website contains large
quantities of data on worldwide election results and related
topics. It was created by Kireev who was born in Russia and now
lives in the United States. The website was designed by Alexey
Sidorenko.
Melissen, Jan. Public Diplomacy
Between Theory and Practice, Clingendael Diplomatic Studies
Programme Paper, December 2006. [LINK]
Melissen, professor of diplomacy at Antwerp University and CDSP
director, considers trends in public diplomacy -- "beyond any
doubt one of the hottest topics under discussion in the world's
diplomatic services" -- in this paper given at a conference on
European public diplomacy perspectives in Madrid (October
2006). Contains useful thinking on definitions and concepts of
public diplomacy; approaches to public diplomacy that are not
dominated by the American experience; and "salient features of
the new public diplomacy" understood as a "no-one-size-fits-all
concept." Melissen argues there are fundamental differences
between public diplomacy and nation branding, the latter much
emphasized in recent European thinking. He makes two
suggestions about which it would be interesting to hear more:
that public diplomacy is part of a growing "'societisation' of
diplomacy" and that "public diplomacy shares some
characteristics with consular affairs."
National Endowment for Democracy, Center for International
Media Assistance. [LINK]
Established as an Endowment project in 2006, the Center's
goal is to strengthen free and independent media worldwide. Its
plans include: creating an Advisory Commission of media
assistance practitioners, international media experts, academics
from journalism schools, and officials of foundations that
support independent media, grants to support networks of
practitioners and experts and a clearinghouse for information on
free media topics, and research on journalism training and other
topics. The Center is authorized by Congress and funded through
a grant from the Department of State. For information, contact
CIMA@ned.org.
Noya, Javier. (ed.) The Present and Future of Public
Diplomacy: A European Perspective, The 2006 Madrid
Conference on Public Diplomacy, Elcano Royal Institute for
International and Strategic Studies. [LINK]
European scholars and practitioners continue to produce some
of the best current thinking on public diplomacy. Conference
proceedings, all available online, include opening remarks by
Spanish Minister of Culture Carmen Calveo and essays by:
-- Philip Fiske de Gouveia, (Foreign Policy Centre, UK), "The
Future of Public Diplomacy"
-- Jan Melissen, (Netherlands Institute of International
Relations, Clingendael), "Public Diplomacy Between Theory and
Practice"
-- Javier Noya, (Real Instituto Elcano, Spain), "The United
States and Europe: Convergence or Divergence in Public
Diplomacy"
-- Ali Fisher, (Counterpoint, British Council, UK), "Public
Diplomacy in the United Kingdom"
-- Rainer Schlageter, (German Ministry of Foreign Affairs),
"German Public Diplomacy"
-- Emma Basker, (European Union), "EU Public Diplomacy"
Packer, George. "Knowing the Enemy: Can Social Scientists
Redefine the 'War on Terror,'" The New Yorker, December
18, 2006. [LINK]
Packer, a New Yorker staff writer and author
of The Assassin's Gate: America in Iraq, profiles
Australian anthropologist David Kilcullen (now employed at the
State Department) and American anthropologist Montgomery McFate
(a Pentagon consultant) -- scholars who are convinced of the
centrality of understanding cultures, human psychology, and
social networks in public diplomacy and unconventional warfare.
For Kilcullen and McFate, human behavior, identity, and
associations are primary, theology and radical ideas are
secondary. Packer also looks at a variety of structural issues
including the adverse consequences of a post-Vietnam (Project
Camelot) breakdown in military-academic cooperation,
difficulties in building a stabilization and reconstruction
(nation building) office in State, problems in State's execution
of public diplomacy, and a fossilized national security
bureaucracy rooted in Cold War hierarchies incapable of dealing
with new threats and opportunities.
Post, Jerrold. M. "Psychological Operations and
Counterterrorism," Joint Forces Quarterly, No. 37. [PDF]
Post, professor and director of the political psychology
program at George Washington University, defines psychological
operations and examines its role in counter terrorism
operations.
2005
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2005 A-F
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Beecroft, N. The British-Syrian
Relationship on the Psychiatrist's Couch, April 2005. [LINK]. The
author, a British consultant psychiatrist, draws on relevant
literature and 49 interviews with diplomats, political leaders,
journalists, and a variety of government and non-government
professionals to develop a psychological analysis and strategy
to improve relations between the UK and Syria. His paper also
discusses a psychological framework for assessing and managing
relationships between peoples. Available online at the Defence
Academy's Conflict Studies Research Centre.
Destler, I. M. "The Power Brokers: An Uneven History of the
National Security Council," Foreign Affairs,
September/October, 2005. [LINK] The
Director of the University of Maryland's Program on
International Security and Economic Policy reviews David
Rothkopf's recent book, Running the World: The Inside Story
of the National Security Council and the Architects of American
Power (Public Affairs, 2005). Destler finds much to admire
in the stories and insights drawn from Rothkopf's 50 interviews
with former National Security Advisors and other officials. He
finds, however, that the book falls short as a comprehensive
analysis of the NSC.
Fiske de Gouveia, P. European Infopolitik:
Developing EU Public Diplomacy, London, The Foreign Policy
Centre, November 2005. [PDF]
de Gouveia, director of the Centre's Public Diplomacy Programme,
contends the EU's needed and unrealized "enormous public
diplomacy potential" is rooted in disjointed strategy and
implementation. Overcoming political and administrative
obstacles to an integrated EU public diplomacy "has much to
offer the Union in its approach to a host of issues including
relations with the USA and China, accession negotiations with
Turkey, and the effective management of migration into the EU."
Contains strategic, policy, and organizational recommendations.
Fugiel, Michele M. U.S. Public Diplomacy and the
American Experience: A Theoretical Evolution from Consent to
Engagement, M.A. Thesis, University of London, September
2005. [PDF]
The author examines U.S. public diplomacy in the context
of concepts of political power and limitations in the U.S.
public diplomacy model. She calls for a model in which the
roles of government and civil society "must be reflexive," and
urges "domestic development of critical consciousness and a
dialogic understanding of learning."
Fullerton, J. and Kendrick, A. Advertising's War
on Terrorism: The Story of the U.S. State Department's Shared
Values Campaign,
(Marquette Books, 2006). [LINK]
Fullerton (Oklahoma State University) and Kendrick (Southern
Methodist University) have written a case study of the
controversial Shared Values television ads developed by
Charlotte Beers, former Under Secretary of State for Public
Diplomacy and Public Affairs, and the advertising agency
McCann-Erickson. The authors base their study on extensive
documentary research; interviews with Beers, retired diplomats
Chris Ross and Joe Johnson, and others involved with the
project; and results of their own research based on showing the
ads to Muslim and other international students (they argue the
ads could have been successful). They are open to the use of
advertising and other marketing tools in public diplomacy and
urge more research by scholars and practitioners. The Shared
Values ads can be viewed on their website.
Furia, P.A and Lucas, R.E. "Determinants of Arab
Public Opinion on Foreign Relations," International Studies
Quarterly, 50, September 2006, 585-605.
[LINK]
Furia (Wake Forest University) and Lucas (Florida International
University) analyze Zogby polling data from seven Arab states
and determinants of Arab public opinion toward 13 non-Arab
states. Their quantitative analysis finds "few statistically
significant relationships" based on traditional "realist,"
"liberal," "Marxist," and "cultural" variables in international
relations literature. Instead, "Arab publics evaluate non-Arab
countries based in large part on their relatively recent foreign
policy actions throughout the Middle East." Furia and Lucas
also examine competing identity frames such as "Arab
nationalism, country-centered nationalisms, and Islamist
identifications."
Gause III, F. Gregory. "Can
Democracy Stop Terrorism," Foreign Affairs, September/October,
2005, pp. 62-76. [LINK]
University of Vermont professor Gauze argues there is no
evidence that democracy will reduce terrorism or produce
governments more willing to cooperate with the United States.
The author contends that rather then push for quick elections,
the U.S. should focus on encouraging secular, nationalist, and
liberal political organizations that can compete with Islamist
parties
German Marshall Fund. Transatlantic Trends, September 7,
2005. [PDF] The
Fund's press release states "A new survey of Americans and
Europeans released today finds that six months after George W.
Bush’s ambitious outreach to Europe, European public opinion
toward the United States remains unchanged. Both Americans and
Europeans feel relations have stayed the same (52% EU9, 50%
Americans). The survey also reveals that 55% of Europeans (EU9)
desire a more independent approach from the United States on
international security and diplomatic affairs. While opinion
toward the United States has not improved, there seems to be no
increase in anti-Americanism as some had feared."
Graham, S. E. "The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S.
Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946-1954," Diplomatic History,
30 (April, 2006), 231-251. Graham
(Australian National University) examines "the politicization of
culture," "U.S. efforts to generate an anti-Communist consensus"
within UNESCO, and the effect of U.S. policies on Western allies
during the organization's early years. She argues that
"political pragmatism and the pursuit of cultural prestige" soon
overshadowed the global humanism objectives of UNESCO's
cosmopolitan founders -- and that U.S. policies and financial
dominance were leading factors in the "politicization of
culture" within UNESCO as the Cold War emerged.
Gregory, Bruce. Public Diplomacy and Strategic
Communication: Cultures, Firewalls, and Imported Norms,
Paper delivered at the American Political Science Association
Conference on International Communication and Conflict, August
31, 2005. [PDF]
This paper argues that public diplomacy embraces a variety of
instrumental elements: diplomacy, cultural diplomacy,
international broadcasting, political communication, democracy
building, and open military information operations. Each
imports discourse norms and requires limited firewalls. Because
U.S. public diplomacy is characterized by episodic commitment,
organizational stovepipes, tribal cultures, and "accidental"
personalities, reforms of unusual duration and scale and a
business plan to transform report recommendations into action
are required.
Holt, Jim. "Say Anything: Three Books Find Truth under
Cultural and Conceptual Assault," The New Yorker, August
22, 2005, pp. 69-74. [LINK] The
author assesses Princeton philosopher Harry G. Frankfurt's
recent bestseller, On Bullshit; Canadian professor Laura
Penny's Your Call is Important to Us: The Truth about
Bullshit; and Cambridge University philosopher Simon
Blackburn's reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein, W. V. Quine, Thomas
Kuhn, Donald Davidson, and Richard Rorty in Truth: A Guide.
Lord, Kristin M. What Academics (Should Have To) Say About
Public Diplomacy, Paper delivered at the American Political
Science Association Conference on International Communication
and Conflict, August 31, 2005. [WORD.DOC]
George
Washington University Professor Lord discusses the substantial
record of scholarship in a range of disciplines that holds
insights for public diplomacy. Her goals are to spark a
dialogue between practitioners and scholars and "to show why
academics should care about public diplomacy and why
practitioners should listen."
Rajapakasa, S. and
Dundes, L. "Can Humanitarianism Instill Good Will? American
Tsunami Aid and Sri Lankan Reactions,"
International Studies Perspectives, 7 (August 2006),
231-238.
[PDF] Rajapakasa (Westat, Inc.) and Dundes
(McDaniel College) surveyed 478 English speaking Sri Lankans on
attitudes toward the U.S. government, the American people, and
U.S. policy initiatives unrelated to Tsunami aid. Acknowledging
the survey's limitations (the small sample was limited to
generally well educated Sri Lankans who had not lost friends or
family to the Tsunami, convenience sampling, and implementation
during the initial euphoria over aid pledged), the authors
nevertheless conclude their data suggest humanitarian aid has
the potential to increase goodwill toward Americans and may
result in broadened support for unrelated policies. Available
online from the International Studies Association through
Blackwell Publishing.
Ricchiardi, S. "The Forgotten War," American Journalism
Review, August/September, 2006, 48-55. [LINK]
AJR's Ricchiardi continues her writing on foreign media
coverage with an in-depth look at reasons behind the relative
disinterest in reporting the war in Afghanistan. Her article
examines contrasting approaches to coverage by American news
organizations and calls for a stronger commitment to the story
in view of the stakes and potential consequences of
underreporting.
Roberts, W.R. "The Evolution of Diplomacy," Mediterranean
Quarterly, 17 (Summer 2006), 55-64. Roberts,
a diplomat and scholar who has practiced and thought deeply
about diplomacy, examines its evolution during the past 60 years
-- from what was primarily a government-to-government
relationship to today's broader concept that includes
government-to-people diplomacy, or public diplomacy. Contains
insights from Roberts' diplomatic career, his association with
Ambassador George Kennan in the former Yugoslavia, and his
analysis of public diplomacy in the context of international
treaties relating to diplomatic practice. His article is
particularly useful for its discussion of the Vienna Convention
of 1961 and the less well known 1927 Havana Convention.
Rodenbeck, Max. "The Truth About Jihad," The New York Review
of Books, August 11, 2005, pp. 51-55. [LINK]
A writer on the Middle East for The Economist suggests a
consensus on the causes and best means of dealing with radical
Islam is emerging "from outside the US policymaking
establishment." Rodenbeck reviews Jonathan Randal's The
Making of a Terrorist, Olivier Roy's Globalized Islam:
The Search for a New Ummah, Gilles Kepel's The War for
Muslim Minds: Islam and the West, Marc Sageman's
Understanding Terror Networks, and Faisal Devji's
Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, and Modernity.
Sending, O.J. and
Neuman, I.B. "Governance
to Governmentality: Analyzing NGOs, States, and Power,"
International Studies Quarterly, 50, September 2006,
651-672. In
this important article, Sending and Neuman, scholars at the
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, challenge central
claims in global governance literature (e.g., Rosenau, Nye,
Sikkink) regarding the devolution of power from states to
nonstate actors and consequent transfers of political authority
to transnational networks. Drawing on Michel Foucault's concept
of governmentality, Sending and Neuman argue instead that the
role of nonstate actors "is an expression of a changing logic or
rationality of government" and that "the self-association and
political will formation of the civil society and nonstate
actors . . . is a most central feature of how power operates in
late modern society." Their article contains a critical review
of the literature on governance and focuses on two case studies:
the campaign to ban landmines and transnational advocacy in
public health and population policies.
Steel, R. "Birth of a Salesman," The New Republic,
September 5, 2005, pp. 34-37. [LINK]
Walter
Lippmann's biographer and USC professor Steel reviews Thomas
Friedman's, The World is Flat: A Brief History of the
Twenty-First Century. After looking at Friedman's career
and earlier writings, Steel argues his new book is "either wrong
or superficial" on the wider significance of "a wired,
out-sourced, in-sourced, open-sourced, supply-chained world."
Steinbock, D. "Mobile Service Revolution: CNN Effect Goes
Mobile," Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,
Summer/Fall, 2005, pp. 133-139. [PDF]
The
Director of the Center of Business Research and Education at
Finland's Academy of Sciences argues that global discourse is
facing another upheaval due to the advent of global real-time
television, which will be driven by new mobile services
including advanced mobile voice, Internet, messaging and content
services. These services will be available to a wider range of
people at different income levels in more countries.
Walt, S. "Taming American Power," Foreign Affairs,
September/October 2005, pp. 105-120. [LINK]
The
Dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government looks at recent
polls on America's image and at American power from the
contrasting perspectives of U.S. policymakers and the rest of
the world. He argues the U.S. must resume its traditional role
of "offshore balancer" and defend its international legitimacy
through a sustained campaign to shape perceptions. The article
is adapted from Walt's book listed below.
